<div dir="ltr"><div lang="EN-US" link="blue" vlink="purple" style="word-wrap:break-word"><div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__MailEndCompose"><b><span>Subject:</span></b></a><span><span> Return of the “Third World”? (</span></span><a href="https://ict4dblog.wordpress.com/2022/04/06/return-of-the-third-world/" target="_blank"><span><span>https://ict4dblog.wordpress.com/2022/04/06/return-of-the-third-world/</span></span><span></span></a><span><span>)<u></u><u></u></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span><u></u> <u></u></span></p><table border="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span><b>Are we seeing a return to the old notion of a “third world”?<u></u><u></u></b></span></p><p><span>Originating in the 1950s, the term “third world” was used to refer to those nations not aligned to either the bloc of Western democracies or the Eastern bloc of communist states.  Over time, and particularly since the end of the Warsaw Pact and dissolution of the Soviet Union, the term has fallen from use.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p><span>Recent events, though, may point to a revival in two senses.  First, politically.  Compare the two maps below: of first, second and third worlds in the 1970s<a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref1"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn1"><span><span>[1]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span>; and of reaction to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022<a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref2"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn2"><span><span>[2]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span>.  Yes, there are plenty of differences but the neutral countries are almost all third world; and very few third world countries have taken a strongly-supporting or strongly-condemnatory stance.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p><span><span><img border="0" width="576" height="185" id="m_1146410472194983342m_-4174398597662335546_x0000_i1034" src="https://ict4dblog.files.wordpress.com/2022/04/third-world-diagram.png?w=656"></span><u></u><u></u></span></p><p><span>Second, economically.  Resource procurement and global supply chains are being rethought.  Western democracies are seeking to delink from Russian energy<a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref3"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn3"><span><span>[3]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span>, and Russia is turning East to find new sales outlets<a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref4"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn4"><span><span>[4]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span>.  Russia and China are collaborating more closely on financial and other systems<a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref5"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn5"><span><span>[5]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span>.  Western firms are considering moving supply chains closer to home, into domains that are both more secure and less abusive of human rights<a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref6"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn6"><span><span>[6]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span>.  China’s “dual circulation” strategy presages less economic interaction with the West<a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref7"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn7"><span><span>[7]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span>.  Overall, “democracies are banding together, as are autocracies”<a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref8"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn8"><span><span>[8]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span>.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p><span>If there is some greater economic and political coalescence into a Western democratic bloc and an Eastern autocratic bloc, what are the implications for the “third world” of those countries outside those blocs?<u></u><u></u></span></p><p><span>Some will benefit as the blocs seek economic collaboration and political alliance.  Mexico, Vietnam, Indonesia and others are already benefitting, for example, from US firms’ search for <span>non-Chinese</span> production bases<a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref9"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn9"><span><span>[9]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span>.  China’s Belt & Road Initiative and Western responses such as the US Build Back Better World initiative are competitively <span>channelling</span> infrastructure funding to lower-income countries<a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref10"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn10"><span><span>[10]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span>.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p><span>Some states may be adept enough to play off the two blocs, squeezing concessions and enabling greater attention to local development goals and interests<a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref11"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn11"><span><span>[11]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span>.  But many will come under pressure to pick a side, as seems particularly to be happening with Western pressure on states to turn away from Russia and China<a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref12"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn12"><span><span>[12]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span>.  Third world history suggests, if they do this, then such states may then face attempts at <span>destabilisation</span> from the other bloc.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p><span>The world is different, more complex and more connected than it was during the era in which “Third World” arose as a concept.  The realities of first and second world bloc formation will likely be less than they might be.  Just as in the 1970s, and as the 2022 diagram above illustrates, many countries outside those blocs may be more aligned with one than the other.  But, nonetheless, echoes of the Third World are sufficiently strong to be taken seriously.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span></span><a href="https://twitter.com/CDDManchester" target="_blank"><span><span>Follow @CDDManchester</span></span><span></span></a><span><span> <u></u><u></u></span></span></p><p><span><a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn1"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref1"><span><span>[1]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span> </span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_map_worlds_first_second_third.gif" target="_blank"><span>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_map_worlds_first_second_third.gif</span><span></span></a><span> </span><a href="https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/tran.12480" target="_blank"><span>https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/tran.12480</span><span></span></a><span><u></u><u></u></span></p><p><span><a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn2"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref2"><span><span>[2]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span> </span><a href="https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/04/04/who-are-russias-supporters" target="_blank"><span>https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/04/04/who-are-russias-supporters</span><span></span></a><span><u></u><u></u></span></p><p><span><a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn3"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref3"><span><span>[3]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span> </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/04/pressure-mounts-germany-embargo-russian-energy-imports" target="_blank"><span>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/04/pressure-mounts-germany-embargo-russian-energy-imports</span><span></span></a><span><u></u><u></u></span></p><p><span><a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn4"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref4"><span><span>[4]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span> </span><a href="https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/research/qa/qa-china-russia-energy-relations-will-new-oil-and-natural-gas-deals-help-russia-weather-economic" target="_blank"><span>https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/research/qa/qa-china-russia-energy-relations-will-new-oil-and-natural-gas-deals-help-russia-weather-economic</span><span></span></a><span><u></u><u></u></span></p><p><span><a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn5"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref5"><span><span>[5]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span> </span><a href="https://www.economist.com/leaders/2022/03/12/will-china-offer-russia-financial-help" target="_blank"><span>https://www.economist.com/leaders/2022/03/12/will-china-offer-russia-financial-help</span><span></span></a><span><u></u><u></u></span></p><p><span><a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn6"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref6"><span><span>[6]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span> </span><a href="https://www.economist.com/business/2022/04/02/is-cancel-culture-coming-to-free-trade" target="_blank"><span>https://www.economist.com/business/2022/04/02/is-cancel-culture-coming-to-free-trade</span><span></span></a><span>; </span><a href="https://economistchina.com/wp-content/uploads/North-American-supply-chains-Will-reshoring-actually-happen.pdf" target="_blank"><span>https://economistchina.com/wp-content/uploads/North-American-supply-chains-Will-reshoring-actually-happen.pdf</span><span></span></a><span><u></u><u></u></span></p><p><span><a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn7"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref7"><span><span>[7]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span> </span><a href="https://www.economist.com/china/2021/03/11/a-confident-china-seeks-to-insulate-itself-from-the-world" target="_blank"><span>https://www.economist.com/china/2021/03/11/a-confident-china-seeks-to-insulate-itself-from-the-world</span><span></span></a><span><u></u><u></u></span></p><p><span><a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn8"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref8"><span><span>[8]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span> </span><a href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2022/03/19/globalisation-and-autocracy-are-locked-together-for-how-much-longer" target="_blank"><span>https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2022/03/19/globalisation-and-autocracy-are-locked-together-for-how-much-longer</span><span></span></a><span><u></u><u></u></span></p><p><span><a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn9"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref9"><span><span>[9]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span> </span><a href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2022/01/01/new-research-counts-the-costs-of-the-sino-american-trade-war" target="_blank"><span>https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2022/01/01/new-research-counts-the-costs-of-the-sino-american-trade-war</span><span></span></a><span>; </span><a href="https://economistchina.com/wp-content/uploads/North-American-supply-chains-Will-reshoring-actually-happen.pdf" target="_blank"><span>https://economistchina.com/wp-content/uploads/North-American-supply-chains-Will-reshoring-actually-happen.pdf</span><span></span></a><span><u></u><u></u></span></p><p><span><a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn10"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref10"><span><span>[10]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span> </span><a href="https://www.firstpost.com/world/explained-as-g7-plans-build-back-better-world-heres-how-much-china-has-spent-on-belt-and-road-initiative-9732641.html" target="_blank"><span>https://www.firstpost.com/world/explained-as-g7-plans-build-back-better-world-heres-how-much-china-has-spent-on-belt-and-road-initiative-9732641.html</span><span></span></a><span><u></u><u></u></span></p><p><span><a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn11"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref11"><span><span>[11]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span> </span><a href="https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/tran.12480" target="_blank"><span>https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/tran.12480</span><span></span></a><span><u></u><u></u></span></p><p><span><a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftn12"></a></span><a href="#m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__ftnref12"><span><span>[12]</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span> </span><a href="https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/07/17/bidens-new-china-doctrine" target="_blank"><span>https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/07/17/bidens-new-china-doctrine</span><span></span></a><span>; </span><a href="https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/pressure-building-on-india-to-condemn-russian-invasion-of-ukraine/" target="_blank"><span>https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/pressure-building-on-india-to-condemn-russian-invasion-of-ukraine/</span><span></span></a><span>; </span><a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/pakistan-under-western-pressure-to-condemn-russia-s-invasion-in-ukraine-122030700563_1.html" target="_blank"><span>https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/pakistan-under-western-pressure-to-condemn-russia-s-invasion-in-ukraine-122030700563_1.html</span><span></span></a><span><u></u><u></u></span></p></td><td><span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span><br><a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__Hlk100236176"></a></span><a href="https://ict4dblog.wordpress.com/2022/04/06/return-of-the-third-world/" target="_blank"><span><span>View article...</span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span></span><span><u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></span></p><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span><a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__MailAutoSig"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></a>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e="font-size:6.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#8eaadb"> </span></span></span><span><span></span></span><a href="https://bit.ly/3gX5ppl" title="Full texts (free account)" target="_blank"><span><span><span style="font-size:6.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#a50021;text-decoration:none">Africa</span></span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span><span><span style="font-size:6.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#5b9bd5"> </span></span></span><span><span></span></span><a href="https://bit.ly/35dl3dT" title="Full texts (free account)" target="_blank"><span><span><span style="font-size:6.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#cc0000;text-decoration:none">Online</span></span></span><span><span></span></span></a><span><span><span style="font-size:6.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1f3864"><u></u><u></u></span></span></span></p></td><td><span><span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span><span><span style="font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></span></span></p></div><span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></span></p><span></span><div style="border:none;border-left:solid blue 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 4.0pt"><div><div style="border:none;border-top:solid #e1e1e1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in"><p class="MsoNormal"><a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__MailOriginal"><b><span>From:</span></b></a><span><span> <a href="mailto:gianluca.miscione@ucd.ie" target="_blank">gianluca.miscione@ucd.ie</a> <<a href="mailto:gianluca.miscione@ucd.ie" target="_blank">gianluca.miscione@ucd.ie</a>> <br><b>Sent:</b> Thursday, March 3, 2022 3:25 PM<br><b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:sts-africa@lists.wiser.org.za" target="_blank">sts-africa@lists.wiser.org.za</a>; <a href="mailto:sts-migtec@listserv.dfn.de" target="_blank">sts-migtec@listserv.dfn.de</a><br><b>Subject:</b> FW: Ukraine: Why so many African and Indian students were in the country<br><b>Importance:</b> High<u></u><u></u></span></span></p></div></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span><a name="m_1146410472194983342_m_-4174398597662335546__Hlk96246243"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:#1f497d">“Ukraine has long appealed to foreign students, which can be traced back to the Soviet era, when there was a lot of investment in higher education and a deliberate attempt to attract students from newly independent African countries.<u></u><u></u></span></a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:#1f497d">Now, Ukrainian universities are seen as a gateway to the European job market, offering affordable course prices, straightforward visa terms and the possibility of permanent residency.<u></u><u></u></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:#1f497d">"Ukrainian degrees are widely <span>recognised</span> and offer a high standard of education," said Patrick <span>Esugunum</span>, who works for an <span>organisation</span> that assists West African students wanting to study in Ukraine.<u></u><u></u></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:#1f497d">"A lot of medical students, in particular, want to go there as they have a good standard for medical facilities," he added.”<u></u><u></u></span></span></span></p><span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span>…<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></span></p><div style="border:none;border-left:solid blue 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 4.0pt"><div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span></span><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60603226" target="_blank"><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif">Ukraine: Why so many African and Indian students were in the country</span></span><span></span></a><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif"><br clear="all"><u></u><u></u></span></span></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span></span><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60603226" target="_blank"><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60603226</span></span><span></span></a><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif"><u></u><u></u></span></span></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></span></p></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black"> <u></u><u></u></span></span></p></div><div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></i></span></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></i></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></span></p><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="426" style="width:319.5pt;border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr style="height:47.75pt"><td width="92" valign="top" style="width:69.05pt;border:none;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:47.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span></span><a href="https://bit.ly/2VJV6uq" target="_blank"><span><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#2f5496;text-decoration:none">Gianluca Miscione</span></b></span><span></span></a><span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></span></p></td><td><span></span></td><td width="208" valign="top" style="width:155.95pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:47.75pt"><p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span></span><a href="https://bit.ly/3HOiNrS" target="_blank"><span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0070c0;text-decoration:none">University College Dublin</span></span><span></span></a><span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0070c0"><u></u><u></u></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span></span><a href="https://bit.ly/3HZs7ZO" target="_blank"><span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0070c0;text-decoration:none">Zurich University of Applied Sciences</span></span><span></span></a><span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0070c0"><u></u><u></u></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span></span><a href="https://bit.ly/3sCQO87" target="_blank"><span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0070c0;text-decoration:none">University of Zurich</span></span><span></span></a><span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0070c0"><u></u><u></u></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span></span><a href="https://bit.ly/3LyZ15N" target="_blank"><span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="20" height="20" id="m_1146410472194983342m_-4174398597662335546Picture_x0020_13" src="cid:image001.png@01D84A90.24C66F00" alt="Title: LinkedIn - Description: LinkedIn icon"></span></span><span></span></a><span></span><a href="https://bit.ly/3JoyINN" target="_blank"><span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="20" height="20" id="m_1146410472194983342m_-4174398597662335546Picture_x0020_14" src="cid:image002.png@01D84A90.24C66F00" alt="Title: Facebook - Description: Facebook icon"></span></span><span></span></a><span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span></span><a href="https://bit.ly/3uLfVZ2" target="_blank"><span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:windowtext;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="20" height="20" id="m_1146410472194983342m_-4174398597662335546Picture_x0020_15" src="cid:image003.png@01D84A90.24C66F00" alt="Title: Twitter - Description: Twitter Icon"></span></span><span></span></a><span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:-.5pt"> </span></span><a href="https://bit.ly/3gEIQpz" target="_blank"><span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;letter-spacing:-.5pt;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="18" height="20" id="m_1146410472194983342m_-4174398597662335546Picture_x0020_23" src="cid:image004.png@01D84A90.24C66F00"></span></span><span></span></a><span>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